Can Corned Beef Make Poop Red

Mammals of the family Leporidae

Rabbit Temporal range: Tardily Eocene–Holocene, 53–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J Thousand Pg North
European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Form:	Mammalia
Gild:	Lagomorpha
Family unit:	Leporidae
Included genera
Pentalagus Bunolagus Nesolagus Romerolagus Brachylagus Sylvilagus Oryctolagus Poelagus

Rabbits, also known as bunnies or bunny rabbits, are modest mammals in the family Leporidae (which besides contains the hares) of the club Lagomorpha (which also contains the pikas). Oryctolagus cuniculus includes the European rabbit species and its descendants, the world's 305 breeds^[1] of domestic rabbit. Sylvilagus includes 13 wild rabbit species, among them the seven types of cottontail. The European rabbit, which has been introduced on every continent except Antarctica, is familiar throughout the world as a wild prey animal and as a domesticated form of livestock and pet. With its widespread event on ecologies and cultures, the rabbit is, in many areas of the world, a part of daily life—as food, article of clothing, a companion, and a source of creative inspiration.

Although once considered rodents, lagomorphs like rabbits accept been discovered to have diverged separately and earlier than their rodent cousins and have a number of traits rodents lack, like ii extra incisors.

Terminology and etymology

Male rabbits are called bucks; females are called does. An older term for an developed rabbit used until the 18th century is coney (derived ultimately from the Latin cuniculus ), while rabbit in one case referred but to the young animals.^[2] Another term for a young rabbit is bunny, though this term is often applied informally (peculiarly by children) to rabbits mostly, peculiarly domestic ones. More recently, the term kit or kitten has been used to refer to a immature rabbit.

A group of rabbits is known equally a colony or nest (or, occasionally, a warren, though this more than commonly refers to where the rabbits alive).^[3] A grouping of infant rabbits produced from a single mating is referred to as a litter ^[four] and a grouping of domestic rabbits living together is sometimes called a herd.^[5]

The word rabbit itself derives from the Centre English rabet , a borrowing from the Walloon robète , which was a diminutive of the French or Middle Dutch robbe .^[vi]

Taxonomy

Rabbits and hares were formerly classified in the social club Rodentia (rodent) until 1912, when they were moved into a new society, Lagomorpha (which also includes pikas). Below are some of the genera and species of the rabbit.

• 

  Brachylagus idahoensis

  Pygmy rabbit

• 

  Nesolagus netscheri

  Sumatran Striped Rabbit

  (Model)

• 

  Oryctolagus cuniculus

  European rabbit

  (Feral Tasmanian specimen)

• 

  Pentalagus furnessi

  Amami rabbit

  (Taxidermy specimen)

• 

  Romerolagus diazi

  Volcano rabbit

  (Taxidermy specimen)

• 

  Sylvilagus aquaticus

  Swamp rabbit

  (Juvenile)

• 

  Sylvilagus audubonii

  Desert cottontail

• 

  Sylvilagus bachmani

  Brush rabbit

• 

  Sylvilagus brasiliensis

  Tapeti

  (Taxidermy specimen)

• 

  Sylvilagus floridanus

  Eastern cottontail

• Guild Lagomorpha
  • Family Leporidae (in part)
• Genus Brachylagus
  • Pygmy rabbit, Brachylagus idahoensis
• Genus Bunolagus
  • Bushman rabbit, Bunolagus monticularis
• Genus Lepus ^[a]
• Genus Nesolagus
  • Sumatran striped rabbit, Nesolagus netscheri
  • Annamite striped rabbit, Nesolagus timminsi
• Genus Oryctolagus
  • European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus
• Genus Pentalagus
  • Amami rabbit/Ryūkyū rabbit, Pentalagus furnessi
• Genus Poelagus
  • Central African Rabbit, Poelagus marjorita
• Genus Romerolagus
  • Volcano rabbit, Romerolagus diazi
• Genus Sylvilagus
  • Swamp rabbit, Sylvilagus aquaticus
  • Desert cottontail, Sylvilagus audubonii
  • Brush rabbit, Sylvilagus bachmani
  • Forest rabbit, Sylvilagus brasiliensis
  • Mexican cottontail, Sylvilagus cunicularis
  • Dice's cottontail, Sylvilagus dicei
  • Eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus
  • Tres Marias rabbit, Sylvilagus graysoni
  • Omilteme cottontail, Sylvilagus insonus
  • San Jose brush rabbit, Sylvilagus mansuetus
  • Mount cottontail, Sylvilagus nuttallii
  • Marsh rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris
  • New England cottontail, Sylvilagus transitionalis

Hare

Johann Daniel Meyer (1748)

Rabbit

Johann Daniel Meyer (1748)

Differences from hares

Main article: Hare

The term "rabbit" is typically used for all Leporidae species excluding the genus Lepus. Members of that genus are instead known as hares or jackrabbits.

Lepus species are typically precocial, born relatively mature and mobile with pilus and good vision, while other rabbit species are altricial, born hairless and blind, and requiring closer care. Hares live a relatively solitary life in a simple nest in a higher place the ground, while most other rabbits live in social groups in burrows or warrens. Hares are generally larger than other rabbits, with ears that are more elongated, and with hind legs that are larger and longer. Descendants of the European rabbit are commonly bred as livestock and kept as pets, whereas no hares have been domesticated - the breed chosen the Belgian hare is a domestic rabbit which has been selectively bred to resemble a hare.

Domestication

Rabbits have long been domesticated. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the European rabbit has been widely kept equally livestock, starting in aboriginal Rome. Selective breeding has generated a wide variety of rabbit breeds, of which many (since the early 19th century) are also kept as pets. Some strains of rabbit have been bred specifically as research subjects.

As livestock, rabbits are bred for their meat and fur. The earliest breeds were of import sources of meat, so became larger than wild rabbits, but domestic rabbits in mod times range in size from dwarf to giant. Rabbit fur, prized for its softness, can be plant in a wide range of coat colors and patterns, as well as lengths. The Angora rabbit breed, for case, was developed for its long, silky fur, which is often paw-spun into yarn. Other domestic rabbit breeds have been adult primarily for the commercial fur trade, including the Rex, which has a short costly coat.

Biology

Evolution

Development of the rabbit heart

(wax models)

Because the rabbit's epiglottis is engaged over the soft palate except when swallowing, the rabbit is an obligate nasal sabbatical. Rabbits have 2 sets of incisor teeth, ane behind the other. This way they can be distinguished from rodents, with which they are often dislocated.^[7] Carl Linnaeus originally grouped rabbits and rodents under the class Glires; later on, they were separated every bit the scientific consensus is that many of their similarities were a result of convergent development. Contempo Deoxyribonucleic acid assay and the discovery of a common antecedent has supported the view that they share a mutual lineage, so rabbits and rodents are at present oftentimes grouped together in the superorder Glires.^[viii]

Morphology

Since speed and agility are a rabbit's main defenses confronting predators (including the swift fox), rabbits have large hind leg bones and well developed musculature. Though plantigrade at rest, rabbits are on their toes while running, assuming a more digitigrade posture. Rabbits use their strong claws for digging and (along with their teeth) for defense.^[nine] Each forepart foot has iv toes plus a dewclaw. Each hind pes has four toes (but no dewclaw).^[10]

Melanistic coloring

Oryctologus cuniculusEuropean rabbit (wild)

Most wild rabbits (peculiarly compared to hares) have relatively full, egg-shaped bodies. The soft coat of the wild rabbit is agouti in coloration (or, rarely, melanistic), which aids in camouflage. The tail of the rabbit (with the exception of the cottontail species) is dark on top and white below. Cottontails have white on the top of their tails.^[11]

As a result of the position of the eyes in its skull, the rabbit has a field of vision that encompasses nearly 360 degrees, with just a pocket-sized bullheaded spot at the bridge of the nose.^[12]

Hind limb elements

This image comes from a specimen in the Pacific Lutheran University natural history collection. It displays all of the skeletal articulations of rabbit's hind limbs.

The beefcake of rabbits' hind limbs are structurally similar to that of other land mammals and contribute to their specialized form of locomotion. The bones of the hind limbs consist of long basic (the femur, tibia, fibula, and phalanges) as well as short basic (the tarsals). These bones are created through endochondral ossification during evolution. Similar most country mammals, the round head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxae. The femur articulates with the tibia, just not the fibula, which is fused to the tibia. The tibia and fibula articulate with the tarsals of the foot, commonly called the foot. The hind limbs of the rabbit are longer than the front limbs. This allows them to produce their hopping grade of locomotion. Longer hind limbs are more capable of producing faster speeds. Hares, which have longer legs than cottontail rabbits, are able to motion considerably faster.^[13] Rabbits stay just on their toes when moving; this is called Digitigrade locomotion. The hind feet have four long toes that let for this and are webbed to prevent them from spreading when hopping.^[14] Rabbits do not have paw pads on their feet like about other animals that use digitigrade locomotion. Instead, they have coarse compressed hair that offers protection.^[fifteen]

Musculature

The rabbits hind limb (lateral view) includes muscles involved in the quadriceps and hamstrings.

Rabbits have muscled hind legs that allow for maximum force, maneuverability, and dispatch that is divided into three main parts; human foot, thigh, and leg. The hind limbs of a rabbit are an exaggerated feature. They are much longer than the forelimbs, providing more forcefulness. Rabbits run on their toes to gain the optimal stride during locomotion. The strength put out by the hind limbs is contributed to both the structural anatomy of the fusion tibia and fibula, and muscular features.^[xvi] Bone formation and removal, from a cellular standpoint, is direct correlated to hind limb muscles. Activeness pressure level from muscles creates force that is then distributed through the skeletal structures. Rabbits that generate less force, putting less stress on basic are more prone to osteoporosis due to os rarefaction.^[17] In rabbits, the more than fibers in a muscle, the more than resistant to fatigue. For example, hares have a greater resistance to fatigue than cottontails. The muscles of rabbit's hind limbs can exist classified into four main categories: hamstrings, quadriceps, dorsiflexors, or plantar flexors. The quadriceps muscles are in charge of forcefulness product when jumping. Complementing these muscles are the hamstrings, which assistance in curt bursts of action. These muscles play off of one another in the aforementioned fashion every bit the plantar flexors and dorsiflexors, contributing to the generation and actions associated with force.^[18]

Ears

A Holland Lop resting with ane ear upwardly and 1 ear downwardly. Some rabbits can adjust their ears to hear distant sounds.

Within the order lagomorphs, the ears are utilized to detect and avert predators. In the family Leporidae, the ears are typically longer than they are broad. For example, in black tailed jack rabbits, their long ears encompass a greater surface area relative to their body size that let them to detect predators from far away. Assorted to cotton fiber tailed rabbits, their ears are smaller and shorter, requiring predators to be closer to detect them before they tin can abscond. Evolution has favored rabbits having shorter ears so the larger area does not cause them to lose heat in more temperate regions. The reverse can be seen in rabbits that live in hotter climates, mainly considering they possess longer ears that have a larger surface surface area that assistance with dispersion of heat also as the theory that audio does not travel well in more barren air, opposed to cooler air. Therefore, longer ears are meant to aid the organism in detecting predators sooner rather than later in warmer temperatures.^{[nineteen] [ page needed ]} The rabbit is characterized past its shorter ears while hares are characterized by their longer ears.^{[20] [ page needed ]} Rabbits' ears are an important structure to aid thermoregulation and detect predators due to how the outer, eye, and inner ear muscles coordinate with one another. The ear muscles likewise aid in maintaining remainder and motion when fleeing predators.^[21]

Outer ear

The auricle, besides known every bit the pinna, is a rabbit'south outer ear.^[22] The rabbit's pinnae correspond a off-white part of the body expanse. It is theorized that the ears aid in dispersion of heat at temperatures in a higher place 30 °C with rabbits in warmer climates having longer pinnae due to this. Another theory is that the ears role as stupor absorbers that could assist and stabilize rabbit's vision when fleeing predators, but this has typically only been seen in hares.^{[23] [ page needed ]} The residual of the outer ear has bent canals that lead to the eardrum or tympanic membrane.^[24]

Center ear

The middle ear is filled with three bones called ossicles and is separated past the outer eardrum in the back of the rabbit's skull. The three ossicles are chosen hammer, anvil, and stirrup and human activity to subtract audio before information technology hits the inner ear. In general, the ossicles human activity as a barrier to the inner ear for sound energy.^[24]

Inner ear

Inner ear fluid called endolymph receives the sound energy. After receiving the free energy, afterwards within the inner ear there are 2 parts: the cochlea that utilizes sound waves from the ossicles and the vestibular apparatus that manages the rabbit's position in regards to movement. Within the cochlea there is a basilar membrane that contains sensory hair structures utilized to send nerve signals to the brain then it can recognize different sound frequencies. Inside the vestibular apparatus the rabbit possesses 3 semicircular canals to help notice angular move.^[24]

Thermoregulation

Thermoregulation is the procedure that an organism utilizes to maintain an optimal body temperature independent of external weather.^[25] This process is carried out past the pinnae, which takes up most of the rabbit's body surface and contain a vascular network and arteriovenous shunts.^[26] In a rabbit, the optimal body temperature is around 38.v–xl℃.^[27] If their body temperature exceeds or does not meet this optimal temperature, the rabbit must return to homeostasis. Homeostasis of torso temperature is maintained past the use of their big, highly vascularized ears that are able to change the corporeality of blood flow that passes through the ears.

Rabbits use their large vascularized ears, which help in thermoregulation, to keep their body temperature at an optimal level.

Constriction and dilation of blood vessels in the ears are used to control the core torso temperature of a rabbit. If the core temperature exceeds its optimal temperature profoundly, blood flow is constricted to limit the amount of blood going through the vessels. With this constriction, there is only a express corporeality of blood that is passing through the ears where ambient heat would be able to heat the blood that is flowing through the ears and therefore, increasing the trunk temperature. Constriction is likewise used when the ambient temperature is much lower than that of the rabbit's core body temperature. When the ears are constricted it once again limits blood flow through the ears to conserve the optimal body temperature of the rabbit. If the ambient temperature is either xv degrees to a higher place or below the optimal body temperature, the blood vessels will amplify. With the claret vessels being enlarged, the blood is able to laissez passer through the large surface area, causing it to either heat or absurd downwards.

During hot summers, the rabbit has the capability to stretch its pinnae, which allows for greater surface area and increase estrus dissipation. In cold winters, the rabbit does the reverse and folds its ears in social club to subtract its area to the ambience air, which would decrease their trunk temperature.

Ventral view of dissected rabbit lungs with key structures labeled.

The jackrabbit has the largest ears within the Oryctolagus cuniculus grouping. Their ears contribute to 17% of their total body surface area. Their large pinna were evolved to maintain homeostasis while in the extreme temperatures of the desert.

Respiratory system

The rabbit'southward nasal cavity lies dorsal to the oral cavity, and the two compartments are separated by the hard and soft palate.^[28] The nasal cavity itself is separated into a left and right side past a cartilage barrier, and it is covered in fine hairs that trap dust before it tin enter the respiratory tract.^{[28] [29] [ page needed ]} As the rabbit breathes, air flows in through the nostrils along the alar folds. From there, the air moves into the nasal cavity, also known as the nasopharynx, down through the trachea, through the larynx, and into the lungs.^{[29] [ page needed ] [30]} The larynx functions as the rabbit's voice box, which enables it to produce a broad variety of sounds.^{[29] [ page needed ]} The trachea is a long tube embedded with cartilaginous rings that prevent the tube from collapsing as air moves in and out of the lungs. The trachea and so splits into a left and right bronchus, which meet the lungs at a construction called the hilum. From in that location, the bronchi split up into progressively more narrow and numerous branches. The bronchi branch into bronchioles, into respiratory bronchioles, and ultimately end at the alveolar ducts. The branching that is typically found in rabbit lungs is a articulate example of monopodial branching, in which smaller branches split up out laterally from a larger key branch.^[31]

The construction of the rabbit'due south nasal and oral cavities, necessitates breathing through the nose. This is due to the fact that the epiglottis is fixed to the backmost portion of the soft palate.^[30] Within the oral crenel, a layer of tissue sits over the opening of the glottis, which blocks airflow from the oral cavity to the trachea.^[28] The epiglottis functions to prevent the rabbit from aspirating on its nutrient. Further, the presence of a soft and hard palate allow the rabbit to breathe through its nose while information technology feeds.^{[29] [ page needed ]}

Monopodial branching as seen in dissected rabbit lungs.

Rabbits lungs are divided into four lobes: the cranial, centre, caudal, and accessory lobes. The right lung is fabricated up of all four lobes, while the left lung only has two: the cranial and caudal lobes.^[31] In order to provide space for the heart, the left cranial lobe of the lungs is significantly smaller than that of the correct.^[28] The diaphragm is a muscular structure that lies caudal to the lungs and contracts to facilitate respiration.^{[28] [thirty]}

Digestion

Rabbits are herbivores that feed by grazing on grass and other leafy plants. In consequence, their diet contains large amounts of cellulose, which is difficult to digest. Rabbits solve this problem via a grade of hindgut fermentation. They laissez passer ii singled-out types of feces: hard droppings and soft blackness viscous pellets, the latter of which are known as caecotrophs or "night droppings" ^[32] and are immediately eaten (a behaviour known as coprophagy). Rabbits reingest their ain debris (rather than chewing the cud as do cows and numerous other herbivores) to digest their food further and excerpt sufficient nutrients.^[33]

Rabbits graze heavily and rapidly for roughly the get-go half-hr of a grazing catamenia (usually in the belatedly afternoon), followed by most one-half an hr of more selective feeding.^{[ citation needed ]} In this time, the rabbit will also excrete many hard fecal pellets, beingness waste pellets that will not be reingested.^{[ citation needed ]} If the environment is relatively non-threatening, the rabbit volition remain outdoors for many hours, grazing at intervals.^{[ citation needed ]} While out of the burrow, the rabbit will occasionally reingest its soft, partially digested pellets; this is rarely observed, since the pellets are reingested every bit they are produced.^{[ citation needed ]}

Video of a wild European rabbit with ears twitching and a spring

Hard pellets are made up of hay-similar fragments of plant cuticle and stem, existence the terminal waste product after redigestion of soft pellets. These are merely released outside the couch and are not reingested. Soft pellets are usually produced several hours afterwards grazing, after the hard pellets have all been excreted.^{[ citation needed ]} They are made up of micro-organisms and undigested plant cell walls.^{[ citation needed ]}

Rabbits are hindgut digesters. This means that most of their digestion takes place in their large intestine and cecum. In rabbits, the cecum is almost 10 times bigger than the tum and information technology along with the large intestine makes upward roughly forty% of the rabbit's digestive tract.^[34] The unique musculature of the cecum allows the intestinal tract of the rabbit to separate fibrous material from more than digestible material; the gristly material is passed equally feces, while the more nutritious fabric is encased in a mucous lining equally a cecotrope. Cecotropes, sometimes chosen "night feces", are loftier in minerals, vitamins and proteins that are necessary to the rabbit's health. Rabbits consume these to run into their nutritional requirements; the mucous coating allows the nutrients to pass through the acidic tummy for digestion in the intestines. This process allows rabbits to extract the necessary nutrients from their food.^[35]

The chewed plant textile collects in the large cecum, a secondary bedroom between the large and small intestine containing big quantities of symbiotic leaner that help with the digestion of cellulose and as well produce sure B vitamins. The pellets are about 56% bacteria by dry weight, largely bookkeeping for the pellets being 24.4% protein on average. The soft feces course here and incorporate upward to 5 times the vitamins of hard feces. After being excreted, they are eaten whole past the rabbit and redigested in a special office of the stomach. The pellets remain intact for upwards to six hours in the stomach; the leaner within continue to digest the establish carbohydrates. This double-digestion process enables rabbits to utilise nutrients that they may take missed during the offset passage through the gut, besides as the nutrients formed by the microbial action and thus ensures that maximum nutrition is derived from the nutrient they eat.^[eleven] This process serves the same purpose in the rabbit as rumination does in cattle and sheep.^[36]

Dissected image of the male rabbit reproductive system with key structures labeled.

Because rabbits cannot vomit,^[37] if buildup occurs within the intestines (due often to a diet with insufficient fibre),^[38] abdominal blockage can occur.^[39]

Reproduction

Diagram of the male person rabbit reproductive system with chief components labeled.

The developed male reproductive system forms the same every bit most mammals with the seminiferous tubular compartment containing the Sertoli cells and an adluminal compartment that contains the Leydig cells.^[40] The Leydig cells produce testosterone, which maintains libido^[40] and creates secondary sex characteristics such equally the genital tubercle and penis. The Sertoli cells triggers the product of Anti-Müllerian duct hormone, which absorbs the Müllerian duct. In an adult male rabbit, the sheath of the penis is cylinder-like and can be extruded as early as two months of historic period.^[41] The scrotal sacs lay lateral to the penis and comprise epididymal fat pads which protect the testes. Between 10 and 14 weeks, the testes descend and are able to retract into the pelvic cavity in order to thermoregulate.^[41] Furthermore, the secondary sex characteristics, such every bit the testes, are circuitous and secrete many compounds. These compounds includes fructose, citric acid, minerals, and a uniquely high amount of catalase.^[40]

Diagram of the female rabbit reproductive system with principal components labeled.

The adult female person reproductive tract is bipartite, which prevents an embryo from translocating between uteri.^[42] The two uterine horns communicate to two cervixes and forms one vaginal culvert. Along with beingness bipartite, the female rabbit does not get through an heat cycle, which causes mating induced ovulation.^[41]

The boilerplate female rabbit becomes sexually mature at three to eight months of age and tin conceive at any time of the year for the duration of her life. Egg and sperm production can begin to decline after three years.^[40] During mating, the male person rabbit volition mount the female rabbit from behind and insert his penis into the female and make rapid pelvic hip thrusts. The come across lasts only 20–40 seconds and afterwards, the male person will throw himself backwards off the female.^[43]

The rabbit gestation period is curt and ranges from 28 to 36 days with an boilerplate period of 31 days. A longer gestation menstruation will generally yield a smaller litter while shorter gestation periods will give nascency to a larger litter. The size of a single litter can range from four to 12 kits allowing a female to evangelize up to threescore new kits a yr. After nativity, the female can go pregnant again as early as the next mean solar day.^[41]

The bloodshed rates of embryos are high in rabbits and can exist due to infection, trauma, poor nutrition and environmental stress and so a high fertility charge per unit is necessary to counter this.^[41]

Slumber

Rabbits may announced to be crepuscular, merely their natural inclination is toward nocturnal action.^[44] In 2011, the boilerplate sleep time of a rabbit in captivity was calculated at viii.4 hours per day.^[45] As with other prey animals, rabbits oftentimes sleep with their optics open, so that sudden movements will awaken the rabbit to respond to potential danger.^[46]

Diseases and immunity

In addition to being at risk of affliction from common pathogens such as Bordetella bronchiseptica and Escherichia coli, rabbits can contract the virulent, species-specific viruses RHD ("rabbit hemorrhagic disease", a class of calicivirus)^[47] or myxomatosis. Among the parasites that infect rabbits are tapeworms (such as Taenia serialis), external parasites (including fleas and mites), coccidia species, and Toxoplasma gondii.^{[48] [49]} Domesticated rabbits with a diet lacking in high fiber sources, such equally hay and grass, are susceptible to potentially lethal gastrointestinal stasis.^[l] Rabbits and hares are about never institute to exist infected with rabies and take not been known to transmit rabies to humans.^[51]

Encephalitozoon cuniculi, an obligate intracellular parasite is also capable of infecting many mammals including rabbits.

Rabbit immunity has significantly diverged from other tetrapods in the manner it employs immunoglobulin light chains.^{[52] [53] [54] [55] [56]} One time McCartney-Francis et al., 1984 discover a unique additional disulfide bond betwixt Cys 80 in Vκ and Cys 171 in Cκ.^{[52] [53] [54] [55] [56]} They suggest that this may serve to stabilise rabbit antibodies.^{[52] [53] [54] [55] [56]} Meanwhile IGKC1 shows high amino acid difference betwixt domesticated types and ferals derived from them.^[53] This can be as high equally 40%.^[53]

Ecology

Rabbit kits one hour after birth

Rabbits are prey animals and are therefore constantly aware of their surroundings. For case, in Mediterranean Europe, rabbits are the primary prey of red foxes, badgers, and Iberian lynxes.^[57] If confronted by a potential threat, a rabbit may freeze and observe then warn others in the warren with powerful thumps on the basis. Rabbits have a remarkably broad field of vision, and a good deal of information technology is devoted to overhead scanning.^[58] They survive predation by burrowing, hopping away in a zig-zag movement, and, if captured, delivering powerful kicks with their hind legs. Their potent teeth allow them to eat and to bite in order to escape a struggle.^[59] The longest-lived rabbit on tape, a domesticated European rabbit living in Tasmania, died at age 18.^[threescore] The lifespan of wild rabbits is much shorter; the average longevity of an eastern cottontail, for instance, is less than one year.^[61]

Habitat and range

Rabbit habitats include meadows, forest, forests, grasslands, deserts and wetlands.^[62] Rabbits live in groups, and the best known species, the European rabbit, lives in burrows, or rabbit holes. A group of burrows is called a warren.^[62]

More than half the world's rabbit population resides in North America.^[62] They are besides native to southwestern Europe, Southeast Asia, Sumatra, some islands of Nippon, and in parts of Africa and South America. They are not naturally found in most of Eurasia, where a number of species of hares are present. Rabbits first entered Due south America relatively recently, as part of the Great American Interchange. Much of the continent has just one species of rabbit, the tapeti, while about of South America's southern cone is without rabbits.

The European rabbit has been introduced to many places around the world.^[11]

Domestic rabbit photographed at Alligator Bay, Beauvoir, France.

Rabbits have been launched into space orbit.^[63]

Environmental problems

Impact of rabbit-proof fence, Cobar, New South Wales, 1905

Rabbits have been a source of environmental problems when introduced into the wild by humans. As a result of their appetites, and the rate at which they breed, feral rabbit depredation can be problematic for agriculture. Gassing (fumigation of warrens),^[64] barriers (fences), shooting, snaring, and ferreting have been used to control rabbit populations, simply the virtually effective measures are diseases such every bit myxomatosis (myxo or mixi, colloquially) and calicivirus. In Europe, where rabbits are farmed on a large scale, they are protected confronting myxomatosis and calicivirus with a genetically modified virus. The virus was developed in Spain, and is benign to rabbit farmers. If it were to make its fashion into wild populations in areas such as Australia, information technology could create a population boom, as those diseases are the most serious threats to rabbit survival. Rabbits in Australia and New Zealand are considered to exist such a pest that state owners are legally obliged to control them.^{[65] [66]}

Every bit food and habiliment

Saint Jerome in the Desert
[Note rabbit being chased by a domesticated hound]
Taddeo Crivelli (Italian, died about 1479)

Rabbit being prepared in the kitchen
Simulation of daily life, mid-15th century
Hospices de Beaune, France

In some areas, wild rabbits and hares are hunted for their meat, a lean source of high quality protein.^[67] In the wild, such hunting is achieved with the help of trained falcons, ferrets, or dogs, equally well as with snares or other traps, and rifles. A caught rabbit may be dispatched with a sharp blow to the back of its head, a practise from which the term rabbit punch is derived.

Wild leporids comprise a modest portion of global rabbit-meat consumption. Domesticated descendants of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) that are bred and kept as livestock (a practice called cuniculture) account for the estimated 200 million tons of rabbit meat produced annually.^[68] Approximately 1.2 billion rabbits are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.^[69] In 1994, the countries with the highest consumption per capita of rabbit meat were Malta with 8.89 kg (19 lb 10 oz), Italy with five.71 kg (12 lb ix oz), and Republic of cyprus with 4.37 kg (9 lb 10 oz), falling to 0.03 kg (1 oz) in Japan. The effigy for the United States was 0.14 kg (5 oz) per capita. The largest producers of rabbit meat in 1994 were Mainland china, Russian federation, Italia, French republic, and Kingdom of spain.^[70] Rabbit meat was in one case a common commodity in Sydney, Commonwealth of australia, simply declined after the myxomatosis virus was intentionally introduced to control the exploding population of feral rabbits in the area.

In the United Kingdom, fresh rabbit is sold in butcher shops and markets, and some supermarkets sell frozen rabbit meat. At farmers markets there, including the famous Borough Market in London, rabbit carcasses are sometimes displayed hanging, unbutchered (in the traditional manner), next to braces of pheasant or other small game. Rabbit meat is a feature of Moroccan cuisine, where it is cooked in a tajine with "raisins and grilled almonds added a few minutes before serving".^[71] In China, rabbit meat is particularly popular in Sichuan cuisine, with its stewed rabbit, spicy diced rabbit, BBQ-style rabbit, and even spicy rabbit heads, which have been compared to spicy duck neck.^[68] Rabbit meat is comparatively unpopular elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific.

An extremely rare infection associated with rabbits-as-food is tularemia (also known as rabbit fever), which may be contracted from an infected rabbit.^[72] Hunters are at higher risk for tularemia because of the potential for inhaling the bacteria during the skinning process.

In add-on to their meat, rabbits are used for their wool, fur, and pelts, as well as their nitrogen-rich manure and their high-protein milk.^[73] Production industries take developed domesticated rabbit breeds (such equally the well-known Angora rabbit) to efficiently fill these needs.

In fine art, literature, and culture

Rabbits are often used as a symbol of fertility or rebirth, and have long been associated with spring and Easter every bit the Easter Bunny. The species' part as a prey animal with few defenses evokes vulnerability and innocence, and in folklore and modernistic children's stories, rabbits oft announced as sympathetic characters, able to connect hands with youth of all kinds (for example, the Velveteen Rabbit, or Thumper in Bambi).

With its reputation every bit a prolific breeder, the rabbit juxtaposes sexuality with innocence, as in the Playboy Bunny. The rabbit (as a swift prey animate being) is also known for its speed, agility, and endurance, symbolized (for example) by the marketing icons the Energizer Bunny and the Duracell Bunny.

Folklore

The rabbit often appears in folklore as the trickster archetype, as he uses his cunning to outwit his enemies.

"Rabbit fools Elephant past showing the reflection of the moon".
Illustration (from 1354) of the Panchatantra

• In Aztec mythology, a pantheon of 4 hundred rabbit gods known every bit Centzon Totochtin, led by Ometochtli or Ii Rabbit, represented fertility, parties, and drunkenness.
• In Central Africa, the common hare (Kalulu), is "inevitably described" as a trickster figure.^[74]
• In Chinese folklore, rabbits back-trail Chang'e on the Moon. In the Chinese New Twelvemonth, the zodiacal rabbit is one of the twelve celestial animals in the Chinese zodiac. Note that the Vietnamese zodiac includes a zodiacal cat in place of the rabbit, perhaps because rabbits did non inhabit Vietnam.^{[ citation needed ]} The most common explanation is that the ancient Vietnamese discussion for "rabbit" (mao) sounds similar the Chinese word for "cat" (卯, mao).^[75]
• In Japanese tradition, rabbits alive on the Moon where they make mochi, the popular snack of mashed sticky rice. This comes from interpreting the design of dark patches on the moon as a rabbit standing on tiptoes on the left pounding on an usu, a Japanese mortar.
• In Jewish sociology, rabbits (shfanim שפנים) are associated with cowardice, a usage all the same current in contemporary Israeli spoken Hebrew (similar to the English language colloquial use of "chicken" to denote cowardice).
• In Korean mythology, as in Japanese, rabbits live on the moon making rice cakes ("Tteok" in Korean).
• In Anishinaabe traditional beliefs, held by the Ojibwe and some other Native American peoples, Nanabozho, or Nifty Rabbit, is an of import deity related to the creation of the globe.
• A Vietnamese mythological story portrays the rabbit of innocence and youthfulness. The Gods of the myth are shown to exist hunting and killing rabbits to evidence off their power.
• Buddhism, Christianity, and Judaism have associations with an ancient circular motif called the 3 rabbits (or "three hares"). Its pregnant ranges from "peace and quiet", to purity or the Holy Trinity, to Kabbalistic levels of the soul or to the Jewish diaspora. The tripartite symbol also appears in heraldry and even tattoos.

The rabbit as trickster is a part of American popular civilization, equally Br'er Rabbit (from African-American folktales and, later, Disney animation) and Bugs Bunny (the drawing character from Warner Bros.), for case.

Anthropomorphized rabbits accept appeared in film and literature, in Alice'south Adventures in Wonderland (the White Rabbit and the March Hare characters), in Watership Downwardly (including the film and television adaptations), in Rabbit Colina (by Robert Lawson), and in the Peter Rabbit stories (by Beatrix Potter). In the 1920s, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was a popular cartoon grapheme.

WWII USAF pilot D. R. Emerson
"flys with a rabbit's foot talisman,
a gift from a New York girl friend"

A rabbit'southward foot may be carried every bit an amulet, believed to bring protection and good luck. This belief is found in many parts of the globe, with the earliest use being recorded in Europe c. 600 BC.^[76]

On the Isle of Portland in Dorset, Great britain, the rabbit is said to exist unlucky and fifty-fifty speaking the creature's proper name tin cause upset amid older isle residents. This is thought to date back to early on times in the local quarrying industry where (to salvage space) extracted stones that were not fit for sale were set aside in what became tall, unstable walls. The local rabbits' trend to burrow there would weaken the walls and their collapse resulted in injuries or even expiry. Thus, invoking the name of the culprit became an unlucky act to be avoided. In the local civilisation to this twenty-four hour period, the rabbit (when he has to exist referred to) may instead be called a "long ears" or "underground mutton", so equally not to chance bringing a downfall upon oneself. While it was true 50 years ago^{[ when? ]} that a pub on the isle could be emptied by calling out the word "rabbit", this has get more than fable than fact in modernistic times.^{[ citation needed ]}

In other parts of Britain and in Due north America, invoking the rabbit'south name may instead bring proficient luck. "Rabbit rabbit rabbit" is 1 variant of an apotropaic or talismanic superstition that involves saying or repeating the word "rabbit" (or "rabbits" or "white rabbits" or some combination thereof) out loud upon waking on the commencement twenty-four hour period of each month, because doing so will ensure good fortune for the duration of that month.

The "rabbit examination" is a term, first used in 1949, for the Friedman test, an early diagnostic tool for detecting a pregnancy in humans. It is a common misconception (or maybe an urban fable) that the test-rabbit would die if the woman was pregnant. This led to the phrase "the rabbit died" becoming a euphemism for a positive pregnancy test.

See likewise

• Beast runway
• Cuniculture
• Dwarf rabbit
• Hare games
• Jackalope
• List of animal names
• List of rabbit breeds
• Lop rabbit
• Rabbits in the arts
• Rabbit show jumping

References

Notes

1. ^ This genus is considered a hare, not a rabbit

Citations

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Further reading

• Windling, Terri. The Symbolism of Rabbits and Hares ^[Usurped!]

External links

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Rabbits.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Rabbit .

• American Rabbit Breeders Clan organization, which promotes all phases of rabbit keeping
• House Rabbit Social club an activist organization that promotes keeping rabbits indoors

troupeyourne.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit

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